Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a slow and progressive decline of kidney function

 chronic kidney disease

Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a slow and progressive decline of kidney function. It's usually a result of a complication from another serious medical condition. Unlike acute renal failure, which happens quickly and suddenly, chronic renal failure happens gradually - over a period of weeks, months, or years - as the kidneys slowly stop working, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

The main functions of the kidneys are to:

Filter out waste products from the bloodstream, to be passed out in the urine.
Help control blood pressure - partly by the amount of water passed out of the body as urine and partly by making hormones which are involved in blood pressure control.
Make a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. This is needed to prevent anaemia.
Help keep various salts and chemicals in the blood at the right level.

Causes of Chronic Renal Failure

The most common causes of chronic renal failure in North America are diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2 diabetes) and high blood pressure. The most common cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide is IgA nephropathy (an inflammatory disease of the kidney).

One of the complications resulting from diabetes or high blood pressure is the damage to the small blood vessels in the body. The blood vessels in the kidneys also become damaged, resulting in CKD.

recurring pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
polycystic kidney disease (multiple cysts in the kidneys)
autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus
hardening of the arteries, which can damage blood vessels in the kidney
urinary tract blockages and reflux, due to frequent infections, stones, or an anatomical abnormality that happened at birth
excessive use of medications that are metabolized through the kidneys

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