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High blood pressure |
In most common cases, the specific cause of high blood pressure is unknown. In some cases, high blood pressure can be caused by kidney problems. The kidneys produce an enzyme called renin that helps control blood pressure. If the kidneys are not working as they should, they may release too much renin, which raises blood pressure. High blood pressure can also be caused by abnormalities in the main blood vessel leaving the heart, sleep apnea or narrowing arteries. In women, birth control pills, as well as hormones taken after menopause, can cause high blood pressure. High blood pressure can also be genetic.
Rarely, very severe high blood pressure may cause serious damage much more quickly - over days and weeks, rather than months and years. This is called 'accelerated phase', or 'malignant' hypertension, and it usually causes a severe illness requiring hospital admission. Fortunately very few people (even with kidney disease) get this condition. More information about malignant hypertension (accelerated phase hypertension).
What causes high blood pressure?
Very often the cause of high blood pressure is not known - this is called essential hypertension, and it is the most common kind. The next most common cause is kidney disease. Diseases within the kidney itself can cause high blood pressure, and so also can disease of the artery that carries blood to the kidney. After that there is a long list of rare causes, but in fact many of these also work through the kidney.
High blood pressure with one of the less common causes is more likely in young people, and in people with particularly severe blood pressure trouble.
Do I have to take tablets?
Some simple things can improve blood pressure without taking drugs. If blood pressure is only moderately raised, these may be enough on their own. They may also mean that you get better blood pressure with fewer tablets.
Salt - reducing the amount of salt that you eat can have an important effect. Most of us eat far more than we need and it may be harmful. It is difficult to lower it a lot if you eat a lot of fast food, which is often very high in salt.
Weight - blood pressure falls if obese people lose weight
Exercise - although your blood pressure rises during exercise, regular exercise reduces average blood pressure, and is good for you in other ways as well.
Not smoking - smoking raises blood pressure, but even more importantly, the combination of smoking and high blood pressure increases the risk of getting serious problems with the arteries to the heart and elsewhere. Generally having a healthy lifestyle (exercise, diet, etc) will reduce the risk of complications from high blood pressure, as well as reducing the blood pressure itself.
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